Scientific Method Essay Example for Free

Scientific Method EssayRESEARCH DESIGNResearch design is a blue point or detail plan for how a research study is to be conducted operationalizing variables they can be measure selecting and testing hypothesis.DEMOGRAPHYThe formulate demography derived from Greek word Demas means the people and Grapho means to draw or compose. So the word demography means to draw or write about people. Demography is the scientific study of nation. It draws on several comp unmatchablents of existence including size, composition and territorial distribution, to understand the affable consequences of creation wobble. Demographers study demographical variations and historical trends in their effort to develop population forecast. They also analyze the structure of a population- the age, gender, feed and ethnicity of its members. A key figure in this analysis was Thomas Malthus. jibe to Multilingual Demography dictonary Demography is the scientific study of human population with respect to the ir size, structure and developemnt. The components of demography including population size, territorial distribution geographical variations the age, gender, sex, race and ethnicity.ELEMENTS OF DEMOGRAPHY1. Birth Rate Number of live birth per 1000 population in a year. 2. Death Rate Number of deaths per 1000 population in a year. 3. Growth Rate Growth rate means the deviance between births and deaths rates per 1000 population in a give year. 4. Total Fertility Rate The average number of children born alive to any women, assuming that she can forms to current fertility rate. 5. Longivity Longivity means the lifetime of a people up to death. 6. Life Expectancy Life expectancy means the median number of years a somebody can be expect to live under a current mortality conditions. 7. The Infarty Mortality Rate Is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a given year.EDUCATION SYSTEMEducation administration is a basic rights of people. It is a learning carry through or traning process how a person learn about culture, sociolization, behaviour and attitude. check to Plato- Education is the hermonious development of body, mind and soul gibe to A.W.Green- Historically education means the conscious traning of the young for the subsequent adaption of adult roles.FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION* To complete the sociolization process.* To trnasmit central heritage.* Formulation of social personality.* Reformation of attitude.* Occupational placement.* To ensure achieved status.* Encourage the sprit of completation.* To ensure correct standard of behaviour.* Increase social awarness.* Democratic participation.MALTHUS THEORY OF POPULATIONThomas Robert Malthus was born in 1766 and died in 1834. His major books is The Eassys on the principle of population. published in 1798. He was famous for his population theory name Malthus theory of population. Malthushelds that the cosmeas population was growing more rapidly than the people population. He argued that viands supply profits in order the prograssion 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10, whereas population suppuration increases expands by the way of Geomatric prograssion 1-2-4-8-16-32-64-128-256.According to Malthus analysis the Gap between food production and population growth increasing single way to double unit. As a result a country population go out double in every 25 years. Over population creat great problem in the standard of vivification and way of life in a country. According to Malthus there argon two way to control population growth. 1. Positive verify When a country will over populated then the natural desester such as flood, cyclone, drought, crope failure and another, war, riot automatically control population. 2. Preventive brand populate willingly control population by using contraceptine, date marriage, birth control, prevent early marriage and polygumy marriage, another control free cozy life.CRITISISM1. Malthus give tongue to that population control by pos itive check, but natural disester never happen frequently in the over populated country. 2. He argued that food production increase arithmatic rate, but modern science and technology, machinary, hybrid seeds food production increase into double rate. 3. Malthus never think that proper education population will be resource, migration, skill, experience increase population standard of living.SOCIAL CHANGEAccording to H.T Majamdar- mixer convert may be defined as a new fashion or made either modifying the old in the life of a people. According to Machiver and Page- Social change refers to a process responsive many types of change in the man made condition of life, change in the attitude and beliefs of man. The control to the biological and physical nature of things. According to Kingsley Davis- Social change means only such alternatives as occur in social organization that is structure and functions of family.CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE1. Social change is continuous2. Social ch ange is temporary3. Social change is environmental4. Social change is humanistric5. Social change is short stipulation vs long term6. Social change is planned/unplanned7. Social change is objetive8. Social change is reactive9. Social change is interaction of human10. Social change is behaviourTHEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGE1.Evalutionary theory Evalutionary theorist argue that hostel change from simple to building complex situation by the process of evalution. Social change means progress the change of positive and benificial whwrw society reach higher level of cevilization.CONFLICT THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGEConflict theories highlited that society change from simple to complex by the process of conflict. Conflict is essential for every society. there is no society or country in the world without conflict. Conflict motivated people gather together for achieving their objectives.CONFLICT THINKERAccording to Karl Marx- All the history in the world is the history, of classes struggle.He also s aid that conflict existing in the society between two classes-1. Owner classa. Rich peopleb. Bourgious2. Non proprietor class- Poor people.always conflict because owner class exploit non owner class. As a result non owner class occure violance against owneer class for achieving their objectives.MARKS TYPE OF SOCIETY1. Premitive society2. Slavary society3. feudal system society4. Capitalism5. fabianismAccording to George Simmel- Conflict occure in the society and people exploit or motivated to joined conflict because of achieved their rights.Capitalism society always influence people to conflicting situation.FUNCTIONAL THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGEFunctional theory highlighted that society from simple to complex by the ever-changing of societies functions. In simple society One sanctuary done various types of function. Ex- Family=Family function is economics, recreation, production, reproduction education, ethnical and religious etc. But in the complex society various institution establ ished for doing various types of function, because of capitalism influence people to creat artificial demands, as a result demand basis institution developed fulfilling such kind of demand.POWER AND AUTHORITYPower means ability to control others. Here power means political power which is tie in to authority and politics to control or rulling the country. permission refers to institutionalized power that is recognizied by the people over whom it is excercised. Another sociologist used authority commonly participation with elected or publicly acknowladge position.TYPES OF AUTHORITY1. Traditional Authority Refers to the legitimate power by custom and accepted practice. Here custom and tradition is the attribute of power. Ex- King and queen of UK, Tribal Chief. 2. Rational Legal Authority Refers to power exercise by written rules and regulations of political systems such as constitutions. 3. Charismatic Authority Refers to power made legitimate by a leder exceptional personal or emot ional appeal to his/her followers. Charismatic leaders who commanded the personal loyality a mountainous number of citizen in a country. Ex- Nelson Mendela.MIGRATIONMigration refers to the change of individual permanent residence to new reisdence from one place to another place for weaken life style, better education, better job, better security and better standard of living.TYPES OF MIGRATION1. Internal Migration Internal migration is within the country when individual change permanent residence from village to city, one district to another. Ex- Khulna to Dhaka 2. International Migration When individual change permanent residence from one country to another country for better life style, better education, better job, better security and better standard of living. Ex- Bangladesh to USAFACTORS OF MIGRATIONThere are two major factors in migration-1. Pull Factors Pull factors means when individual are influence to change his permanent residence to new residence for better life style, better education, better job, better security and better standard of living is called pull factors. Ex- * Job security*Educational Facilities.*Green Environment.*Safety and Social security.*Stabdard of living.*Stable political culture.2. Push Factors Push factors means individual are influence to change his permanent residence to new residence for war, riot, social crisis, natural disester, flood, river errosson, cyclone, drought and another lack of security food crisis etc.SOCIALISMSocialism is a form of economic system where production, distribution and consumption as well as industry owner everything is controlled by the central regimen, that is called socialism.Here everybody will get the job according to his/her educational qualification and everyone get facilites according to their demand. Ex- China, Russia, Argentina, South Korea.CHARACTERISTIC OF SOCIALISM1. cosmos ownership2. Governmental distribution3. Public limited company4. Public/Governmental profit5. National deve lopment policy6. National service7. Job security8. Social security9. sustainable development10. Governmental regulation11. Absent of individual property12. Proper distribution of wealthCAPITALISMCapitalism is a form of economic system where production, consumption and distribution as well as industry owner profit loss everything is the individual level ownership, that is called capitalism.CHARACTERISTIC OF CAPITALISM1. Private ownership2. Private profit-loss3. Individual industry4. Labor expotation5. International trade6. International investment7. Global market8. Open market economy9. Income inequality10. Income difference between rich and poor11. Lack of job security12. International corporation.COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOURCollective behaviour is the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reaching to a common influence in an ambigues situation. Numors are a form of collective behavior. It is public opinion. People reactions to shared events such as war and election.FORMS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR1. Crowds2. Panic3. Mobs4. Rumors5. Urban Legends6. Fashion7. Public opinion8. Mass hystoria9. Propaganda10. FadsFACTORS OF FERTILITY IN BANGLADESHThere are two factors-1. Biological Factorsa. Fertility age (14-49)b. Physical illnessc. Willingly interactd. Abortione. Use contraceptic2. Social Factor-f. Early marriageg. latterly marriageh. Polygamy marriagei. Desire sonj. Depends on old ageTYPES OF GOVERNMENT1. Monarchy Monarchy is a form of government where single member of a kingly family usually a king or queen or some other heridetary ruler are the suprime authority of a country. Ex- Saidi Arabia. 2. Oligarchy Oligarcy is a form of government where few individual are the ruler of a country. The ruler are royal family which is the family tradition selected ruler one of the another. Ex- Tribal chief, Ancient Greek 3. absolutism Dictatorship is a form government in which one person has nearly hold total power to make and enforce law/ position law/Military rules. Here decision making and another all state issue controled on handling by the specific ruler. 4. state Democracy is the form of government where political system established by the participator of parlament member with election process. Here people elected parlament member by their voting rights. According to Abraham Linkon- Democracy is the government of the people by the people and for the people.GLOBALIZATIONGlobalization refers to the expansion of orbiculate linkage and the growth of global consciousness among economic(Production, Consumption, Distribution), sicual, political and cultural transformation whole over the world. Here globally connected that is called global village which is performs faster communication, technology and cultural heritage among the countries.ELEMENTS OF GLOBALIZATION1. The expansion of global market2. Transformation of global politics3. The emergence of new social and political movementADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION1. Increa se economic growth2. increase the efficiency of global business3. Benifits to consumer4. Gains to owner of multinational corporation5. Higher standard of living6. Capital inflow to poor countries7. Increase total trade of develop countries8. Open market economyDISADVANTAGE OF GLOBALIZATION1. Reduction in economic growth2. Increase inequility3. Huge jobless4. Downward wedge of wages5. Supervision from international organization6. Reduction of social protection7. Threating environment